Using Psychoanalysis to Understand Human Behavior Essay

Using Psychoanalysis to Understand Human Behavior According to Goethe, We do not have to visit a madhouse to find disordered minds; our planet is the mental institution of the universe. Despite the hyperbolic nature of Goethe’s statement, it holds some truth. Because of this element of truth, society looks to psychoanalysis as an important tool for understanding human nature. Furthermore, psychoanalytic criticism of authors, characters, and readers has a place in literary criticism that is as important as the place of psychoanalysis in society. This is because of the mimetic nature of much of modern literature. In fact, the psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan wrote, If psycho-analysis is to be constituted as the science of the†¦show more content†¦Other researchers mention Freud, and Allen cites one other article of this type, but as Allen notes, Even those critics who touch on Freud do not emphasize the relationship between his clinical theories†¦and the literary action in Invisible Man.(3) Allen’s own work focu ses on the fact that Freud’s book Totem and Taboo appears in Invisible Man, and she describes how the action of Invisible Man, possibly at the intention of Ellison, mirrors the theory of Totem and Taboo. The use in this paper of three psychoanalysts to study the character of the invisible man makes this an article emphasizing psychoanalysis. Even though the focus of this current paper is quite different from Allen’s, some concerns she had about the limitations of such a study still must be recognized. One limitation to a psychoanalytic study is that Freud himself is limited and has become less than popular.(4) The use of Jung and Lacan in addition to Freud will combat this limitation. Another limitation is that Invisible Man is such a multifaceted work that it deserves analysis of all its parts.(5) However, this study will take on only a small part of the text because of the post-modern attitude valuing studies of specific parts of texts in detail. A final limitation i s that psychoanalysis is a field of speculation, and, as the editor of The Critical Tradition points out, †¦the hazards of speculation about characters are even greater than about authors†¦AnotherShow MoreRelatedHistory of Psychology852 Words   |  4 PagesPsychology is said to be the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. The study of human behavior, development, and learning; and also seeks to understand and explain thought, emotion, and behavior. Today the question we are doing falls under the History of Psychology. It deals with the earlier schools (Structuralism and Functionalism) and compares them with the most recent schools of psychology (Gestalt psychology, Psychoanalysis and Cognitive Psychology). Structuralism Read MoreHistorical Background Of Sigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychoanalysis774 Words   |  4 PagesHistorical Background Sigmund Freud dedicated the majority of his time on this earth to mainly covering his theory of psychoanalysis. He did not however have a lot of patience from contemporaries who diverged from his psychoanalytic principles. He attempted to keep control over the movement by expelling those who dared to disagree. Carl Jung and Alfred Alder, for example, worked closely with Freud, but each founded his own therapeutic school after repeated disagreements with Freud on theoreticalRead MoreHistory and Theory Essay973 Words   |  4 Pagesmodern psychology. Freud is best known for creating psychoanalysis and Rogers is renowned for developing the person-centered therapy. The subject of this paper pertains to Freud’s and Rogers’ views of their respective theories, how different their theories would be if they were alive today, and how social and cultural factors influenced the development of their respective theories of personality. Sigmund Freuds Views Freud’s psychoanalysis is a system of therapeutic treatments and interpretationsRead MoreFreud s Theory Of Psychology1683 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to The American Heritage, â€Å" Psychoanalysis is the theory of personality developed by Freud that focuses on repression and unconscious forces and includes the concepts of infantile sexuality, resistance, transference, and division of the psyche into the id, ego, and superego† (Houghton Mifflin, 2005). This theory has had such a big impact on psychology, that it is even practiced today. Many other theories, have been developed from the basis of the psychoanalysis theory. The development of thoseRead MoreSigmund Freud And Psychoanalysis1495 Words   |  6 Pagesempirically based methods of understanding the human psyche. These methods are often summarized under the term Psychoanalysis and it is defined by a series of theories which connect the human experience to human behaviors and motivations. These theories consist of development analyses based around psychological, physiological, and psychosexual growth. The ID-Ego-Superego relationship developed by Freud attempts to categorically sort the different elements of human desires that combine to create a pictureRead MoreHumanistic Psychology Essay1631 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstanding of personality and human relationships in psychotherapy and counseling in the areas of client-centered therapy, education of student-centered learning, organizations, and other group settings. Even though psychoanalysis and behaviorism have made major contributions to psychology, it has influenced the understanding and practices of the humanistic movement, specifically with the therapies for the different mental disorders. Psychoanalysis understands the unconscious behavior, behaviorism focusesRead More The Influence of Sigmund Freud on Society Essay822 Words   |  4 Pagesradical developments on science, art, and philosophy. Although the lives of human s used to be constantly at the mercy of nature, during this time, humans began harnessing its power and eventually started controlling it. A sudden urge to look beyond the surface of things became widespread. Sigmund Freud looked beyond the effects of behavior and explored the unconscious. He significantly changed the way the world viewed behavior by explaining certain levels of consciousness, the components of the unconsciousRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theories About Psychoanalysis And The Unconscious Mind1003 Words   |  5 Pagess Theories about Psychoanalysis and the Unconscious Mind Sigmund Freud was well known for his theories on psychoanalysis, and it was used to help understand the unconscious mind better. In Freud s lifetime, he grew to be a very influential person of the twentieth century. The western society still uses words that he introduced in his time, some are libido, repression, denial, and neurotic. He was the founding father of the theory of psychoanalysis, which explains human behavior. He also believedRead MoreGestalt Psychology1707 Words   |  7 Pagesmind. 2.The essential difference between behavior and mental processes is A) complexity. B) observability. C) controllability. D) ease of description. 3. Why is psychology a science? A) It attempts to separate the elements of the mind. B) It uses rigorous methods of observation. C) It has more than one research method. D) It uses thought to achieve understanding. 4.Which of the following is a key term in the definition of psychology? A) behavior B) habit C) introspection D) inductionRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology1283 Words   |  6 Pageshelped shape the minds of many nineteen-century contemporary schools of thought. Most notably, Freud’s work in psychoanalytic theory, according to Tan (2011) earned him the title of, â€Å"father of psychoanalysis† (p. 322). Moreover, Tan Taykeyesu (2011) report that Freud’s genius is not just in psychoanalysis, but also when we â€Å"think Oedipus complex, infantile sexuality, and repression† (p. 322). His work is purposeful even in today’s therapeutic setting as Edwards Edwards (2010) argue as a â€Å"form

Taking a Look at Arterial Hypertension - 1401 Words

Hypertension Arterial hypertension, symptons, consequences and prevention. Christye Candell Hypertension Arterial hypertension increases in a chronic way the arterial pressure. This disease will not show symptoms during a long period of time, hypertension is also known as the silence disease. If hypertension is not treated, it can develop serious complications like heart attacks, cerebral thrombosis or hemorrhage but this can be prevented if it’s controlled adequately on time. Arteries are the first one to suffer the consequences of hypertension; these harden while the high blood pressure happens continuously, it gets thicker and more difficult for the blood to get trough; this is known as Atherosclerosis. Arterial tension has two components; these are systolic and diastolic. Both of these are represented in a ratio where systolic is the high numbers and diastolic is the lower number. Diastolic measures the pressure between heartbeats in the arteries while Systolic measures the pressure when the heart beats in every contraction. A normal reading is Systolic being less than 120 and Diastolic less than 80. If any of these two goes beyond 120/80 is considered high blood pressure (Hypertension). Hypertension has three stages, first stage of high blood pressure is 140-159(SYSTOLIC) or 90-99 (DIASTOLIC), second stage is 160-170 (SYSTOLIC) or 100-110 (DIASTOLIC) at least there is Hypertensive crisis where emergency care is needed, patients are required to be under medicine,Show MoreRelatedEssay on Treating Hypertension with Verapamil1140 Words   |  5 Pages Many people in the world suffer from Hypertension ( high blood pressure), chest pain and different heart rhythm disorders. There are many drugs that handle problems like this. One drug in particular that deals with problems/issues like this is Verapamil. Verapamil also known as Calan, Calan SR, Isoptin SR, Verelan, Verelan PM, Isoptin, Isoptin I.V., Covera-HS is a drug that handles all the problems I talked about earlier. Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker. It works by relaxingRead MoreDo Calcium Channel Blockers Play A Role For Preventing Hypertensive Encephalopathy?1618 Words   |  7 Pagesencephalopathy. B- Background and significance Hypertension is a very common problem, affecting 1 billion people worldwide, with 50 million cases in the United States, and one third of cases going undiagnosed. 1% of the cases will experience a hypertensive emergency in their life. (1,2) Although 1% is not a high number, the complications for that percentage are very costly and disable things like End Stage renal disease, Stroke, and Ischemic heart disease. The Hypertension is responsible for almost half of theRead MorePulmonary Disease : Pulmonary Fibrosis1218 Words   |  5 Pagesfunction tests, arterial blood gas test, a six minute walk test, and biopsies. When the radiologist does the x-ray they are looking for any shadowing on the lungs because that shows that there is scarring. A computerized tomography is just like a x-ray, but it is more detailed so they can get a better image. A lung function test shows how much air you can blow out after taking a deep breath. An arterial blood gas test shows your oxygen and carbon dioxide levels. During the walk test, they look at how wellRead MoreSymptoms Of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome886 Words   |  4 Pagesthe acute onset of respiratory failure, bilateral infiltrates on chest radiograph, hypoxemia as defined by a PaO2/FiO2 ratio ≠¤200 mmHg, and no evidence of left atrial hypertension or a pulmonary capillary pressure (Fanelli et al., 2013) It can also include cyanosis, tach ypnea, dyspnea, reduced respiratory compliance and an arterial blood gas showing respiratory alkalosis with evidence of hypoxemia. Out of the many pulmonary disorders out there, ARDS is one of the most difficult diseases to manageRead MoreThe Health History And The Symptoms Of The Heart, Blood Vessels, And Respiratory System1285 Words   |  6 PagesJonas has been experiencing problems pertaining to his heart, blood vessels, and respiratory system. He has had chronic hypertension for 7 years and his doctor prescribed medication for it, but Jonas has not been taking it frequently enough to actually bring his blood pressure down. He usually misses three pills a week, so of the estimated 2,500 hypertension medication doses that he was supposed to take, he has only taken around 1,450 doses. His breathing has suffered as he has shortness of breathRead MoreBasics Of High Blood Pressure1169 Words   |  5 Pagesaffected by the disease are conversant about the thing called High Blood Pres sure. They can talk about it at length without getting tired. I believe they are fast learners and are gifted to learn things by mere listening to lectures or recordings. I look at them with envy and take my hat off for them in respect. Motivation I am a slow learner and need enough time to learn and digest facts and information. Thanks to the internet. I discover it a real teacher and a true friend, one that does not hurryRead MoreJohnson And Johnson Vs. Johnson1653 Words   |  7 Pageseconomic effect it will have on the world. The merger of Johnson and Johnson and Actelion intrigues me because Johnson and Johnson has had some hard time throughout their years. No one can forget the Chicago, Tylenol killings that changed the way we look at capsulized medication. I chose this topic because Since the Tylenol killings people have looked at Johnson and Johnson differently and they have been subjected to many negative thoughts and actions. I want to show in this paper that Johnson andRead MoreThe Effect Of Fiber On Blood Pressure Readings1961 Words   |  8 PagesMoreover when looking at the impact of fiber on blood pressure readings, the study was strengthened because of the trial size, the many subgroups, and the randomized pl acebo control. There were some limitations after looking at the many subgroups taking dietary fiber. None of the trials included dietary effects of potassium and magnesium intake in correlation with fiber intake. Streppel mentions a study by Jee and colleagues showed a small, nonsignificant change in −0.8 mm Hg diastolic (95% CI, –1Read MoreLeeches As A Friend Or A Foe?2173 Words   |  9 Pagessearch for natural solutions to their problems. Leech therapies are available for countless different diseases. Just to name a handful there are: endometriosis, cardiovascular disease, baldness, arthritis, diabetes, hearing problems, glaucoma, hypertension, and venous congestion—both of which will be addressed in this paper. This is just to name a few. HISTORY OF MEDICINAL LEECHES Leeches have long been used in medicine throughout the centuries. Hirudo medicinalis is the species of leech most commonlyRead MoreCongenital Condition Of Congenital Heart Defects1423 Words   |  6 Pagescommon congenital anomalies are heart defects. They present in many forms. This paper will look at various aspects related to congenital heart defects; the relation of zidovudine to congenital heart defects, types of congenital heart anomalies, causes of congenital heart defects and the diagnostic tools and interpretations. The treatment choice for common conditions will also be discussed; pulmonary hypertension for instance. It is important to note that congenital heart defects may be sometimes detected

Woman as the Other and as the Other Woman Free Essays

Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986), French existentialist, writer, and social essayist, passed on just over two decades ago. Putting it this way makes her ideas so much more alive. She did not just write about how she lived. We will write a custom essay sample on Woman as the Other and as the Other Woman or any similar topic only for you Order Now She wrote, and she lived what she wrote about: she refused to be the Other, but she was also, in a manner of putting it, the Other Woman. Simone’s Life and Love(s) in Philosophy Simone de Beauvoir is now noted and appreciated as a philosopher. She was not always considered a philosopher however, but a writer, and has only been given the distinction of being a noted philosopher in more recent years. Her works became considered â€Å"philosophical† only after her death. Beauvoir was born in France in 1908. She belonged to a bourgeoisie family, and had one sister. As a teenager, she declared herself an atheist, and devoted her life to feminism and writing (Marvin, 2000). Apparently, her parent’s disposition and stature were a major influence on her. Her father was extremely interested in pursuing a career in theater, but because of his societal position (and with a noble lineage), he became a lawyer (which was expected), and hated it. Her mother, on the other hand, was a strict Catholic. Some authors have noted that Simone struggled between her mother’s religious morals and her father’s more pagan inclinations, and this purportedly led to her atheism and shaped her philosophical work. As a child, Simone was religious and had a relationship with God. She wrote in early work about her thankfulness that heaven had given her the immediately family that she had, but this feeling (at least the religious aspects of it) dissipated as she aged (Flaherty, 2008). When she was around 15, Simone de Beauvoir decided she would be a famous writer. She did well in many subjects, but was especially attracted to philosophy, which she went on to study at the University of Paris. There she met many other young creative geniuses, including Jean-Paul Sartre, who became her best friend and life-long companion. The group of friends that she spent her time with was considered a â€Å"bad† group, a circle of rebels. Such perceptions did not matter however for Simone and Sartre whose fondness for each other only grew over the years. Their works were frequently linked as they read and critiqued each other’s writings, and she was sort of considered as his ‘student’ — the Other. However, she was not just the Other, she was a significant Other, as it were. Their relationship became intimate and Sartre even proposed to her. She however declined the proposal because she felt that marriage was such a constricting institution and that they should, instead, be free to love â€Å"others† (Flaherty, 2008). After graduating from the university, Simone lived with her grandmother and taught at a lycee, or high school. She taught philosophy at several schools throughout her life, which allowed her to live comfortably. She spent her free time going to cafes, writing, and giving talks. In Berlin, she spent time with Sartre and they got linked with two female students, the sisters Olga and Wanda Kosakiewicz. Sartre initially pursued Olga but later had an affair with Wanda. Note that he and Simone had agreed that they would be free to love others. During this time, Simone got very sick and spent some time in a sanitarium. By the time she left the sanitarium, Olga was married, and Wanda and Sartre were no longer lovers (Flaherty, 2008). This phase in her life, one could perhaps say, highlighted her journey as the Other Woman. Simone traveled around the world later in her life, lecturing. She came to the United States in the 1940s and met another man, Algren. He proposed to her, but she opted to stay with Sartre instead. Also during her travels, Simone participated, with Sartre, in the 1967 â€Å"Bertrand Russell Tribunal of War Crimes in Vietnam. † There she met several noted leaders, including Khrushchev and Castro; however, unlike Sartre, she did not particularly enjoy being in the public spotlight. (Gascoigne, 2002) In 1981, when Sartre died, Simone wrote a memoir about him. After this, she continued to take drugs and drink alcohol, which contributed to her mental decay. She and Sartre had always taken drugs and alcohol. Simone frequently became drunk throughout her life. She died in 1986, and was buried beside Sartre’s remains (Gascoigne, 2002). Beauvoir’s Views: My Reflections Beauvoir strictly considered herself a writer, not a philosopher. Others did not see her as a philosopher because, in what may today be described as sexism, she was a woman and thus inferior in some ways. Moreover, she was also seen as merely a student of Sartre and not as a philosopher in her own right. On top of it all, she was a woman who wrote about women. It must be pointed out that this field of study was not truly accepted in the academe until very recently; hence, Beauvoir’s work was not accepted as being philosophical during her time. She was indeed heavily overshadowed by Sartre, especially because some of her work reflects his (Bergoffen, 2004). Beauvoir’s philosophical ideas focused on how truths in life were revealed in literature. She wrote several essays, including â€Å"Literature and the Metaphysical Essay† (1946) and â€Å"Mon Experience d’Ecrivain,† which translates to ‘My Experience as a Writer’ (1956). Her works include both fiction and non-fiction, all in regards to studying literature in reaction to human relationships and thoughts (Bergoffen, 2004). Truly life is mirrored by literature, but literature is also a part of life, and life can be shaped by literary work. In the life and works of this trailblazing feminist writer-philosopher, one can see the reality of literature as a potent force not only of self-expression but also of life changing. Feminism was of primary importance to Beauvoir, and she is considered to be one of the pioneers of the movement. In fact, Beauvoir is best known for her feminist work, â€Å"The Second Sex,† now a classic of feminist literature (Eiermann). In this work, she looks at the role of women in society, and the advantages and disadvantages that she, herself, faced. It was initially not thought of as a philosophical work because it dealt with sex, which, during the Victorian era, was not a subject openly discussed. In reality, the book closely examines patriarchal society and its impact on women, and calls for women to take action against these oppressions. It fired up women of later generations to fight for political, social, and personal change. The book remains debated to this day because of the way it addresses the issues, but it is still considered a major early book on feminism (Bergoffen, 2004). Here she put an exclamation point on her observations of Woman in society being seen and treated merely as the Other. Beauvoir is also known for an earlier work, Force of Circumstance. â€Å"Within this piece she discussed vital issues of the day-confusion and rage regarding human freedoms and the French/Algerian War† (Flaherty, 2008). Human freedom was a big issue that was crucial in Beauvoir’s work. She was particularly concerned that people needed to be free. This is reflected in the way she lived her own life, and in the way she lectured others. She walked her talk, and was for some time describable perhaps (albeit from a rather sexist perspective) as being the Other Woman, with no rancor, in Sarte’s life. She Came to Stay (1943) is another work that deals with freedom. This is a novel that deals with â€Å"reflections on our relationship to time, to each other, to ourselves† (Bergoffen, 2004). The work doesn’t fit a traditional philosophical framework, where questions are brought to a close and fully answered. Instead it only explores questions by looking at the lives and interactions of the main characters. In this novel, a murder is committed because of a character’s desire for freedom, and the novel examines if the murder was just or not, among other issues surrounding the situation. This work is frequently considered her first true philosophical work (Bergoffen, 2004). How many times have this student been asked this question in real life by friends and particular circumstances: freedom or life? There is something profoundly unsettling in the questions that Beauvoir’s works raises. In She Came to Stay, purportedly a fictionalized chronicle of Beauvoir and Sartre’s relationship with the sisters Olga and Wanda, we are treated to an exploration of complex personal relationships. Olga was one of her students in the Rouen secondary school where she taught during the early 30s. In the novel, Olga and Wanda are made into one character with whom fictionalized versions of Beauvoir and Sartre have intimate relationships. The novel delves into Beauvoir and Sartre’s complex relationship. She wrote about her life, and she lived her writings. With what she wrote, she pursued her questioning, her philosophizing. Pyrrhus and Cineas (1944) is Beauvoir’s first philosophical essay and a major turning point in her life as a writer. This essay looks at questions like â€Å"What are the criteria of ethical action? † â€Å"How can I distinguish ethical from unethical political projects? † â€Å"What are the principles of ethical relationships? † â€Å"Can violence ever be justified? † The essay looks at the moral, political, and other implications of these questions, and further explores the notion of freedom, relationships, and violence. Simone was not sure if violence was truly justified, but concludes that it is ‘neither evil nor avoidable. ’ The questions are not truly resolved in this work, much like in her previous work (Bergoffen, 2004). Then there is Ethics of Ambiguity (1947), which further looks at ethical questions regarding freedom, and the difference between childhood and adulthood. According to Beauvoir, children ‘live in mystery,’ and they should. However, she posits that children should also be forced to be adults and there could be violations of freedom involved in this. This work expands on the idea of freedom from the previous work, and looks at new dimensions of it (Bergoffen, 2004). Two themes seem to appear most prominently in the work of Beauvoir: Freedom and Feminism. The Feminine is made an agent of freedom and is problematized so in the work of Beauvoir. Today, many still turn to her work for we can see the realities that her work reflects. We still find Woman as the Other — in some societies with her multiple burdens given her second-class status. Even in the supposedly modern nation that is the U. S. we find gender an unsettling concern in electoral politics. More broadly, freedom remains a problematic ideal in the globalizing world. Many states (e. g. , North Korea, China, Cuba, the young Republics in Eastern Europe) remain unstable at their core having had to grapple with forces of change and freedom from within and from outside their societies and territories. At another level, the world is not lacking with individuals and groups with their various advocacies aimed at expanding the limits of freedom in civil society. Today the woman question has become the bigger concern that is Gender. This student now more fully realizes that gender is a social-psychological thing while sex is a biological or physical matter. The Woman is more than her body after is all. To be Woman is a choice, is a matter of freedom. The definition of gender lies not in the body. Gender is the realization of what you think and feel you are, and what you prefer as a lifestyle, to put it broadly. How to cite Woman as the Other and as the Other Woman, Papers

Woman as the Other and as the Other Woman Free Essays

Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986), French existentialist, writer, and social essayist, passed on just over two decades ago. Putting it this way makes her ideas so much more alive. She did not just write about how she lived. We will write a custom essay sample on Woman as the Other and as the Other Woman or any similar topic only for you Order Now She wrote, and she lived what she wrote about: she refused to be the Other, but she was also, in a manner of putting it, the Other Woman. Simone’s Life and Love(s) in Philosophy Simone de Beauvoir is now noted and appreciated as a philosopher. She was not always considered a philosopher however, but a writer, and has only been given the distinction of being a noted philosopher in more recent years. Her works became considered â€Å"philosophical† only after her death. Beauvoir was born in France in 1908. She belonged to a bourgeoisie family, and had one sister. As a teenager, she declared herself an atheist, and devoted her life to feminism and writing (Marvin, 2000). Apparently, her parent’s disposition and stature were a major influence on her. Her father was extremely interested in pursuing a career in theater, but because of his societal position (and with a noble lineage), he became a lawyer (which was expected), and hated it. Her mother, on the other hand, was a strict Catholic. Some authors have noted that Simone struggled between her mother’s religious morals and her father’s more pagan inclinations, and this purportedly led to her atheism and shaped her philosophical work. As a child, Simone was religious and had a relationship with God. She wrote in early work about her thankfulness that heaven had given her the immediately family that she had, but this feeling (at least the religious aspects of it) dissipated as she aged (Flaherty, 2008). When she was around 15, Simone de Beauvoir decided she would be a famous writer. She did well in many subjects, but was especially attracted to philosophy, which she went on to study at the University of Paris. There she met many other young creative geniuses, including Jean-Paul Sartre, who became her best friend and life-long companion. The group of friends that she spent her time with was considered a â€Å"bad† group, a circle of rebels. Such perceptions did not matter however for Simone and Sartre whose fondness for each other only grew over the years. Their works were frequently linked as they read and critiqued each other’s writings, and she was sort of considered as his ‘student’ — the Other. However, she was not just the Other, she was a significant Other, as it were. Their relationship became intimate and Sartre even proposed to her. She however declined the proposal because she felt that marriage was such a constricting institution and that they should, instead, be free to love â€Å"others† (Flaherty, 2008). After graduating from the university, Simone lived with her grandmother and taught at a lycee, or high school. She taught philosophy at several schools throughout her life, which allowed her to live comfortably. She spent her free time going to cafes, writing, and giving talks. In Berlin, she spent time with Sartre and they got linked with two female students, the sisters Olga and Wanda Kosakiewicz. Sartre initially pursued Olga but later had an affair with Wanda. Note that he and Simone had agreed that they would be free to love others. During this time, Simone got very sick and spent some time in a sanitarium. By the time she left the sanitarium, Olga was married, and Wanda and Sartre were no longer lovers (Flaherty, 2008). This phase in her life, one could perhaps say, highlighted her journey as the Other Woman. Simone traveled around the world later in her life, lecturing. She came to the United States in the 1940s and met another man, Algren. He proposed to her, but she opted to stay with Sartre instead. Also during her travels, Simone participated, with Sartre, in the 1967 â€Å"Bertrand Russell Tribunal of War Crimes in Vietnam. † There she met several noted leaders, including Khrushchev and Castro; however, unlike Sartre, she did not particularly enjoy being in the public spotlight. (Gascoigne, 2002) In 1981, when Sartre died, Simone wrote a memoir about him. After this, she continued to take drugs and drink alcohol, which contributed to her mental decay. She and Sartre had always taken drugs and alcohol. Simone frequently became drunk throughout her life. She died in 1986, and was buried beside Sartre’s remains (Gascoigne, 2002). Beauvoir’s Views: My Reflections Beauvoir strictly considered herself a writer, not a philosopher. Others did not see her as a philosopher because, in what may today be described as sexism, she was a woman and thus inferior in some ways. Moreover, she was also seen as merely a student of Sartre and not as a philosopher in her own right. On top of it all, she was a woman who wrote about women. It must be pointed out that this field of study was not truly accepted in the academe until very recently; hence, Beauvoir’s work was not accepted as being philosophical during her time. She was indeed heavily overshadowed by Sartre, especially because some of her work reflects his (Bergoffen, 2004). Beauvoir’s philosophical ideas focused on how truths in life were revealed in literature. She wrote several essays, including â€Å"Literature and the Metaphysical Essay† (1946) and â€Å"Mon Experience d’Ecrivain,† which translates to ‘My Experience as a Writer’ (1956). Her works include both fiction and non-fiction, all in regards to studying literature in reaction to human relationships and thoughts (Bergoffen, 2004). Truly life is mirrored by literature, but literature is also a part of life, and life can be shaped by literary work. In the life and works of this trailblazing feminist writer-philosopher, one can see the reality of literature as a potent force not only of self-expression but also of life changing. Feminism was of primary importance to Beauvoir, and she is considered to be one of the pioneers of the movement. In fact, Beauvoir is best known for her feminist work, â€Å"The Second Sex,† now a classic of feminist literature (Eiermann). In this work, she looks at the role of women in society, and the advantages and disadvantages that she, herself, faced. It was initially not thought of as a philosophical work because it dealt with sex, which, during the Victorian era, was not a subject openly discussed. In reality, the book closely examines patriarchal society and its impact on women, and calls for women to take action against these oppressions. It fired up women of later generations to fight for political, social, and personal change. The book remains debated to this day because of the way it addresses the issues, but it is still considered a major early book on feminism (Bergoffen, 2004). Here she put an exclamation point on her observations of Woman in society being seen and treated merely as the Other. Beauvoir is also known for an earlier work, Force of Circumstance. â€Å"Within this piece she discussed vital issues of the day-confusion and rage regarding human freedoms and the French/Algerian War† (Flaherty, 2008). Human freedom was a big issue that was crucial in Beauvoir’s work. She was particularly concerned that people needed to be free. This is reflected in the way she lived her own life, and in the way she lectured others. She walked her talk, and was for some time describable perhaps (albeit from a rather sexist perspective) as being the Other Woman, with no rancor, in Sarte’s life. She Came to Stay (1943) is another work that deals with freedom. This is a novel that deals with â€Å"reflections on our relationship to time, to each other, to ourselves† (Bergoffen, 2004). The work doesn’t fit a traditional philosophical framework, where questions are brought to a close and fully answered. Instead it only explores questions by looking at the lives and interactions of the main characters. In this novel, a murder is committed because of a character’s desire for freedom, and the novel examines if the murder was just or not, among other issues surrounding the situation. This work is frequently considered her first true philosophical work (Bergoffen, 2004). How many times have this student been asked this question in real life by friends and particular circumstances: freedom or life? There is something profoundly unsettling in the questions that Beauvoir’s works raises. In She Came to Stay, purportedly a fictionalized chronicle of Beauvoir and Sartre’s relationship with the sisters Olga and Wanda, we are treated to an exploration of complex personal relationships. Olga was one of her students in the Rouen secondary school where she taught during the early 30s. In the novel, Olga and Wanda are made into one character with whom fictionalized versions of Beauvoir and Sartre have intimate relationships. The novel delves into Beauvoir and Sartre’s complex relationship. She wrote about her life, and she lived her writings. With what she wrote, she pursued her questioning, her philosophizing. Pyrrhus and Cineas (1944) is Beauvoir’s first philosophical essay and a major turning point in her life as a writer. This essay looks at questions like â€Å"What are the criteria of ethical action? † â€Å"How can I distinguish ethical from unethical political projects? † â€Å"What are the principles of ethical relationships? † â€Å"Can violence ever be justified? † The essay looks at the moral, political, and other implications of these questions, and further explores the notion of freedom, relationships, and violence. Simone was not sure if violence was truly justified, but concludes that it is ‘neither evil nor avoidable. ’ The questions are not truly resolved in this work, much like in her previous work (Bergoffen, 2004). Then there is Ethics of Ambiguity (1947), which further looks at ethical questions regarding freedom, and the difference between childhood and adulthood. According to Beauvoir, children ‘live in mystery,’ and they should. However, she posits that children should also be forced to be adults and there could be violations of freedom involved in this. This work expands on the idea of freedom from the previous work, and looks at new dimensions of it (Bergoffen, 2004). Two themes seem to appear most prominently in the work of Beauvoir: Freedom and Feminism. The Feminine is made an agent of freedom and is problematized so in the work of Beauvoir. Today, many still turn to her work for we can see the realities that her work reflects. We still find Woman as the Other — in some societies with her multiple burdens given her second-class status. Even in the supposedly modern nation that is the U. S. we find gender an unsettling concern in electoral politics. More broadly, freedom remains a problematic ideal in the globalizing world. Many states (e. g. , North Korea, China, Cuba, the young Republics in Eastern Europe) remain unstable at their core having had to grapple with forces of change and freedom from within and from outside their societies and territories. At another level, the world is not lacking with individuals and groups with their various advocacies aimed at expanding the limits of freedom in civil society. Today the woman question has become the bigger concern that is Gender. This student now more fully realizes that gender is a social-psychological thing while sex is a biological or physical matter. The Woman is more than her body after is all. To be Woman is a choice, is a matter of freedom. The definition of gender lies not in the body. Gender is the realization of what you think and feel you are, and what you prefer as a lifestyle, to put it broadly. How to cite Woman as the Other and as the Other Woman, Papers

Marketing Logistics and Retail Management

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Logistics and Retail Management. Answer: Introduction: Myer is Australias full line departmental store trading in all the states and one of the territories of Australia. It deals with range of womens and mens wear, childrens clothing, footwear, accessories, toys, books, homeware, electrical goods, cosmetics, food and travel goods. It is Australias largest departmental stores and has always remained consistent with latest style and fashion trends. Myers has about 67 retail store across main location in Australia that offers their well-recognized brands to customers and the enhanced online and digital platforms have boost their sale. Currently 55,000 stakeholders, 1200 suppliers, large number of customers and 12,500 team members deal and engage with their brand. In 2013, their total sales generation was about $3.1 billion (Myer 2017). Their main orientation towards marketing is to bring a transformational change in retailing by dealing with creative agency who will take into the digital future. Under their current creative agency, Badgar Ogilvy, they are changing their channel mix and moving to a digital model. However despite digital marketing, they also give value to advertising and catalogues promotion. Their aim is to deliver more focused offer to customer and they are reviewing their suppliers to align with their strategic priorities and their vision of Myer way of working (Oliver 2017). It major product offering is the apparels and the main supplier is PVH heritage supplier who offer brands like Van Heusen, Calvin Klein, Pierre Cardin and Tommy Hilfiger. Through their new Myer brands like Seed, French Connection, Nine West, Zara and H M, they are offering fashion-driven as well as accessible products to customers (Traill-Nash and Traill-Nash 2017). Analysis of 5Cs of the Company Company: One of the biggest strength of the Myer is the presence of its departmental store at prime locations in Australia and its chain of mid to high range departmental store. Their New Myer brand strategy has helped to provide a variety of choices to customers at an affordable cost. Their customer-focused strategy has helped them to build their strong brand presence and reputation in Australia (Inside Retail 2017).However one key weakness is that their customer base is limited to Australia and they do not have a global presence. This is because of under-developed distribution channel which serves only in restricted locations in Australia. Despite this, Myers have the opportunity to build their global reputation as retail store by partnership with foreign players and developing innovative promotional strategies. This might not be easy in the presence of threats like changing customers preference and their more cautious attitude in terms of spending (Lee and Lee 2015). Customers- Myer is particularly offering their product range to middle class and upper middle class individuals in Australia. It is difficult for the retails departmental store to target all segments in Australia due to changing customers preference day by day. According to Roy Morgan value segments, the Myer customers in Australia are conscious about health and fitness. They are more likely to go for short holidays and use media considerably. Hence, based on this analysis of customers attitude, Myers plan their marketing strategies and promotional activities for their brands. Collaborators- Through the Myer Supplier of the Year Awards, Myer recognize all those brands, designers and other partners who play a role in delivering innovative retail experience to the customers. In 2016, M.A.C was declared Myers coveted Supplier of the Year by their innovative ways to engage customers. The general manager of M.A.C was their key business partner and Toni Maticeski was declared the best designer of the year for his fashion-forward creations. Other partners of Myers include the advertising agency who provide community support and the Group Managing Director who play a role in the creative process of retail business at Myer (Govender and Govender 2017). Competitors- David Jones Limited, another Australian departmental store is one of the biggest competitors of Myers. David Jones also has about 37 departmental stores nationwide and their marketing strategy is giving stiff competition to Myer. Both have similar business strategies and due to this competition in the market, they have struggled to reach their target sales figure. For example, Myer has been invested in renowned female figure, Jennifer Hawkins, Miss Universe 2004 to promote their brands. In the same way, Myer collaborated with Victorias secret model to boost their sales. Although the sales margin of Myer is higher than David Jones, Myer is under more debts than its competitors. Harris Scarfe, Kmart Australia and Target Australia are the new rivals of Myer and the CEO of Myer had released The Competitive pricing policy to stay ahead of other competitors in the market (MYER pty ltd. 2017). Context- Myer has been challenged by certain political development in Australia. They are not happy with the goods and services tax applied on imported goods. The GST applies for imports worth more than $1000 and they think that it will create an unfair playing field for local business and create difficult trading environment for them. There is question regarding the cost of GST for items and the income benefit of the tax (ABC News 2017).Bernie Brookes, the head of Myer have even blamed the Australian governments budget measures as a factor creating tough trading condition and leading to patchy sales (Greenblat 2017). Collection of information about 5Cs Myer have restricted their price based promotions and replaced them with consumer focused promotions to know their customers and target mostly sophisticated customers to offer range of products offer. They had employed tactics like One day offers, Super Saturdays, and Secret Sales to boost the sales. Their business has been challenges by digital disruption and the globalization of retail sector. In order to restore their relevance with their customers, they have decided to employ their four pillars to bring the love of shopping in consumers life. To identify their loyalty customer base, they have done substantial research on Australian customer retail segments and used the Roy Morgan data to modify their strategy (Eizenberg et al. 2015). They identified three groups of customers through these research- high value consumers who are up to date with fashion, professionally successful customers who have an interest in brands and those who look for better every day value and affordable fa shion. Based on different customer preference, they divided their brands into different categories to suit the marketplace (Cameron 2017). Myers have known about their true competitors in the market after they intense sales rivalry with other departmental stores like David Jones and Target Kmart who offer similar products in different target markets. These upper class departmental stored located in prime locations provides competitive pricing. This trend in the market has highly influenced their sales figure and store maintenance. The research on main customer base has helped them to understand how the context of business is changing with globalization and rise in mobile and digital technology. They know that their market is dominated by females and it is mainly customer based due to premium pricing and brand categories. They are aware that their business is built on the prestige of their brands and hence they try to offer well-known prestigious brands and build strong customer relationship. The hosting of the Myer Supplier of the Year award is a reflection on how they evaluate the role of each suppliers and appreciate them for being their business partners and suppliers. In the year 2015, they announced PVY Heritage Brands Australia as the Supplier of the year because they provide Myer with well-known brands like Pierre Cardin, Van Heusen, Tommy Hilfiger and many others. The suppliers share their passion with Myer to offer innovative products and take proactive steps to bring growth in business (Media-Release 2017). Developing marketing strategy Based on analysis of the market of Myer in terms of its suppliers, customers and competitors, it can be said that Myer needs to target particular market segments to develop the marketing strategy. Through the Roy Morgan research to categorize their customer base, they have identified three groups of customers for their retail products. They also found that omni-channel customers have given them up to 80% sales compared to customers who shop physically (Cameron 2017). Hence, it is recommended that Myer target such omni-channel customer segment and take adequate steps to embrace digital technology to attract this group of customers. They can invest in digital technology like click and collect to increase online sales and invest in other digital hub to provide in-store experience through digital means. Once this pilot project is successful, the digital hub can be rolled out for other stores nationally. However this change cannot be possible without recruitment of chief digital staffs an d data officers who can lead in the change process. It is also recommended to build the value proposition of the local customers by exciting investment in upgrading the stores and tailoring the according to local customers fashion preferences. They can build value propositions with omni-channel customers by bringing changes in their brand make up and adding latest brands to keep up with the demands in retail industry (Osterwalder et al. 2014). The change and reinvention process should all be linked to the customers. They add more brands by analyzing the most wanted brands currently in the retail market and putting efforts to increase sales margin by inclusion of new and high in demand brands. Hence brand building and sales-led marketing strategies can help in dealing with competitors as well as maintaining customer loyalty base (Zhang et al. 2015). A position statement for the target market can include exceptional shopping experience and customer focused offer to sophisticated customers. The CEO and other retail officers at Myer can take steps to enhance customer service by modifying their flagship stores and efficient store management. Efficient store management can be possible by focusing on low cost and high value products. The upgrading of stores can be done by changing lighting and ambience of the stores and providing visual merchandising to online customers (Pantano 2014). Upgrading the Myers website and expansion of more number of digital service will them to achieve impressive sale performance and deliver high quality and fashionable products. Actions can also be taken on productivity related change such as the value sharing future business goals with key partners and addressing issues related to occupancy cost, space productivity and capital investment in each stores (Fernie and Sparks 2014). The marketing goals can become successful by having a dedicated team who are ready to adapt to new culture of change at the store. Talented and capable people can be recruited to support the system and understand digital process. In case of specialized designation, they can provide extensive training to concerned staffs. They measure the progress and delivery of the new strategy through performance metrics and evaluating their growth within set time frame (West et al. 2015). Justification of marketing mix of the company The growth in target market of any industry depends on the price, product, place and promotion factors. The following steps can be taken to justify the marketing mix in accordance with above recommended marketing strategy for the Myer: Product- As the marketing strategy is customer-focused offer and exceptional shopping experience of consumers; this can be achieved by giving products range that satisfies the needs of target customers. The right product mix will be one that that offer most wanted brands and products complemented by strong omni-channel offer. To inspire and delight their customers, they can invest in brands that provide fashion trends as well as value for their products. Collaboration with well-known brands and international designers can provide significant control and flexibility to Myers business plans (Tambo 2014). Price- Price is also the most important element of attracting customers and bringing profitability in the business. Pricing strategy also helps to shape the perception of the product in consumers eye. To stay ahead of other rivals in the retail industry, their focus should be on giving affordable pricing as well as product offers to customers (Myer2013.annual-report.com.au. 2017). The inclusion of brands like Seed, French Connection and Nine West can help them to battle competition in different sections like arrival of new entrant in retail market and challenges due to online shopping. They can also develop pricing strategies after surveying their existing customers about the things they are looking forward to while shopping at Myer. The inclusion of new brands like Zara and H M can also help to target affordable price and fashionable relevance in products (Traill-Nash and Traill-Nash 2017). Place- In case of Myer, placement or distribution of their product will play a major role in maximizing their productivity. It can go for selective distribution or franchising to enhance their merchandise offer. Myers departmental store already has an advantage of being located in premium locations across Australia to offer their products. In accordance with their omni-channel, they can go for investing in swift digital technology to display their products in a much larger platform from where international customers can also enjoy exceptional shopping experience (Ailawadi and Farris 2017). The focus on best performing stores can help to revive sales figure and restructure cost of products. With a proud history of being the largest departmental store in Australia, this form of prudent action can help to redevelop their balance sheet and achieve flexibility in their business. Reallocation of space and fine tuning merchandise according to store cluster can help to achieve supply chain e fficiencies and a more efficient store network (Lusch et al. 2015). Promotion- As marketing strategy development suggest Myer to invest in new brands to stay ahead of competitors, smart promotional strategy is important to enhance brand recognition and improve sales. Promotion can be done by innovative advertising and sales promotion techniques. With the increase in digital commerce, a point-of-sale system can act as a useful step for inventory management. Optimization of store network and balancing the digital marketing opportunity would act adequate step to integrate the marketing strategy in their retail channel. Effective store network along with attractive advertising techniques can help attract customers to new brands (Kasemsap 2015). Conclusion The report gave insight into the core business and product offerings of Myer, the largest full line departmental store in Australia. With about more than 60 stores in Australia and having their own designer womens wear brands, they have established more than 130 million customer base (Myer 2017). The analysis of the strength and weakness of the company along with key customers and collaborators in the business gave the idea that although they have the advantage of brand reputation, however their business has been challenged by new entrants in the market. To keep up with the demands of retail industry, it is recommended to develop new marketing strategy based on enhanced customer experience and putting more efforts on consumer focused product offer. To succeed in this venture, the support was given by innovative marketing concept in the area of pricing, promotion, product distribution and special emphasis on fashionable products. It can be a sustainable step to keep up with business d emands at the time of globalization and digital commerce. Reference ABC News., 2017.Myer wants review of GST threshold. [online] Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-11-20/myer-wants-gst-review/5105050 [Accessed 27 Jan. 2017]. Ailawadi, K.L. and Farris, P.W., 2017. Managing Multi-and Omni-Channel Distribution: Metrics and Research Directions.Journal of Retailing. Cameron, N., 2017.Myer targets customers through digital and data in $600m transformation agenda. [online] Cmo.com.au. Available at: https://www.cmo.com.au/article/583549/myer-gets-know-target-customers-600m-transformation-agenda/ [Accessed 27 Jan. 2017]. Eizenberg, A., Lach, S. and Yiftach, M., 2015. Retail prices in a city: an empirical analysis.Maurice Falk Institute for Economic Research in Israel. Discussion paper series., (7), p.0_1. Fernie, J. and Sparks, L., 2014.Logistics and retail management: emerging issues and new challenges in the retail supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers. Govender, P. and Govender, P., 2017.Myer Crowns Top Supplies and Business Partners - Power Retail. [online] Power Retail. Available at: https://www.powerretail.com.au/news/myer-supplier-awards/ [Accessed 27 Jan. 2017]. Greenblat, E., 2017.Myer boss blames budget impasse for patchy retail sales. [online] The Sydney Morning Herald. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/business/myer-boss-blames-budget-impasse-for-patchy-retail-sales-20140911-10fem8.html [Accessed 27 Jan. 2017]. Inside Retail. 2017.'New Myer' strategy revealed - Inside Retail. [online] Available at: https://www.insideretail.com.au/blog/2015/09/01/new-myer-strategy-revealed/ [Accessed 27 Jan. 2017]. Kasemsap, K., 2015. The roles of corporate marketing strategies and brand management in the global retail industry.Successful technological integration for competitive advantage in retail settings, pp.310-339. Lee, I. and Lee, K., 2015. The Internet of Things (IoT): Applications, investments, and challenges for enterprises.Business Horizons,58(4), pp.431-440. Lusch, R.F., Serpkenci, R.R. and Orvis, B.T., 2015. Determinants of retail store performance: a partial examination of selected elements of retailer conduct. InProceedings of the 1995 World Marketing Congress(pp. 495-504). Springer International Publishing. Media-Release, (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.myer.com.au/resources/e35034c4-c827-490c-b312-dfb0abee79c6/151128-SOTY-Media-Release.pdf [Accessed 27 Jan. 2017]. MYER pty ltd. 2017.Competitors Pricing. [online] Available at: https://myersarahgao.weebly.com/competitors--pricing.html [Accessed 27 Jan. 2017]. Myer. 2017.About Us. [online] Available at: https://www.myer.com.au/p/about-myer/the-company/about-us/ [Accessed 27 Jan. 2017]. Myer2013.annual-report.com.au. (2017).About Myer | Myer Annual Report 2013. [online] Available at: https://myer2013.annual-report.com.au/about-myer [Accessed 27 Jan. 2017]. Oliver, M. 2017.Myer set for marketing overhaul, while department store trade flatlines - SmartCompany. [online] SmartCompany. Available at: https://www.smartcompany.com.au/finance/economy/33023-myer-set-for-marketing-overhaul-while-department-store-trade-flatlines/ [Accessed 27 Jan. 2017]. Osterwalder, A., Pigneur, Y., Bernarda, G. and Smith, A., 2014.Value proposition design: How to create products and services customers want. John Wiley Sons. Pantano, E., 2014. Innovation drivers in retail industry.International Journal of Information Management,34(3), pp.344-350. Tambo, T., 2014. Collaboration on technological innovation in Danish fashion chains: A network perspective.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,21(5), pp.827-835. Traill-Nash, G. and Traill-Nash, G., 2017.Myer brands strategy to tackle rivals. [online] Theaustralian.com.au. Available at: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/companies/myers-brands-new-retail-strategy-to-tackle-rivals/news-story/17f723bbf84ed73d3d0292e8f375d329 [Accessed 27 Jan. 2017]. West, D., Ford, J. and Ibrahim, E., 2015.Strategic marketing: creating competitive advantage. Oxford University Press. Zhang, J., Jiang, Y., Shabbir, R. and Du, M., 2015. Building industrial brand equity by leveraging firm capabilities and co-creating value with customers.Industrial Marketing Management,51, pp.47-58.